Design Elements
- Shape and Geometry: The shape of DH shaped charges is in a hemispherical or a conical shape. This is due inasmuch as it is positioned in a position capable of focusing the explosive energy in a highly velocity jet. The lining material is selected in a way of maximum transfer of energy and penetration. For example, a highly preferred material for a liner is copper, owing to its excellent ductility and mass.
- Explosive Choice: High-rate explosives are employed in these charges. The chosen explosive must have a high detonation velocity so it can create a powerful jet. The usual explosives for such an application are RDX (Research Department Explosive) or HMX (High-Melting Explosive), which provide a large amount of output of energy and stability in different downhole environments.
Manufacturing process
- Liner Manufacturing: The liner is conventionally produced in a powder metallurgy manufacturing process, or a precision machined process. Machining allows for dimensional accuracy, and powder metallurgy can make complex geometries of homogeneous densities of liners.
- Explosive Charging in a Controlled Atmosphere: The explosive is packed in a controlled chamber. The procedure must have strict security so there is not an untimely detonation. The explosive is packed in, or cast, in the case.
- Assembly: The liner and explosive, once prepared, are mixed in the charge housing. The housing is constructed in a way so as to lock in place the charge in downhole operation along with in its traveling. The other parts make it secure by adding it, along with seep-proofing.
Quality Control
- Dimensional Testing: The individual charges undergo dimensional checks for such key measurements as diameter of liner, height, and wall thickness. Deviation of these measurements beyond tolerance can have a negative impact on operation of the charge.
- Performance Testing: Shaped charges are tested in lab and in-borehole. Lab testing includes measurements of simulated rocky material depth of penetration, velocities of jets, and output of energy. In-borehole testing is in true wellbores for true-world operation validation.
Safety and Handling
- Transportation: The charges in custom-made containers which meet regulations for transporting explosives. The containers have been constructed in a protective style for weather, impact, and shock.
- Storage: Storage should be in a well ventilated, secure, place of separate storage. Storage location should be away from sources of sparks, heat, and other sources of ignition.
- Downhole Operations: During wellbore operation, safety is maintained stringently. The trained experts in explosives operate these using appropriate machines in a bid not to accidentally detonate.
Detailed Parameters:
| Shaped Charge Information | API Performance of Shaped Charges | ||||||||||
|
Gun OD |
Type |
Explosive Weight |
Explosive |
Tested Gun OD (in) [mm] |
Shot Density (spf) [spm] | Phasing |
Casing OD |
Entry Hole |
Penetration |
Data Type |
||
|
Shaped Charges for the H-1 Perforating System (Section 01) |
|||||||||||
|
2-3/4 [70] |
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
12.0 |
HMX |
2-3/4 [70] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.36 [9.14] |
31.90 [81.03] |
API RP 19B |
||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
16.0 |
HMX |
2-3/4 [70] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.38 [9.65] |
35.94 [91.29] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
18.0 |
HMX |
2-3/4 [70] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.41 [10.41] |
36.22 [92.00] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
EQUAfrac Consistent Hole Charge |
16.0 |
RDX |
2-3/4 [70] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.32 [8.13] |
25.79 [65.51] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Big Hole Charge |
15.0 |
RDX |
2-3/4 [70] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.72 [18.29] |
4.67 [11.86] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
3-1/8 [79] |
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
19.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.38 [9.65] |
45.89 [116.56] |
API RP 19B |
||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
21.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.42 [10.67] |
44.19 [112.24] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.46 [11.68] |
41.17 [104.57] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
EQUAfrac Consistent Hole Charge |
23.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.40 [10.16] |
24.75 [62.87] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Deep Penetrating Charge |
19.0 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.41 [10.41] |
22.04 [55.98] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Deep Penetrating Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.36 [9.14] |
35.63 [90.50] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Deep Penetrating Charge |
22.0 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.44 [11.18] |
21.25 [53.98] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
19.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.55 [13.97] |
29.18 [74.12] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
21.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.56 [14.22] |
29.23 [74.24] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.59 [14.99] |
29.42 [74.73] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Big Hole Charge |
22.7 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.70 [17.78] |
6.18 [15.70] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Big Hole Charge |
22.0 |
RDX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.68 [17] |
7.10 [18.03] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
3-3/8 [86] |
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
19.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.38 [9.65] |
45.89 [116.56] |
API RP 19B |
||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
21.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.42 [10.67] |
44.19 [112.24] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.45 [11.43] |
42.21 [107.21] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Super Deep Penetrating Charge |
26.0 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.41 [10.41] |
50.05 [127.13] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
EQUAfrac Consistent Hole Charge |
23.0 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
5-1/2 [140] |
0.38 [9.65] |
31.59 [80.25] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
Deep Penetrating Charge |
19.0 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.41 [10.41] |
22.04 [55.98] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Deep Penetrating Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.36 [9.14] |
35.63 [90.50] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Deep Penetrating Charge |
22.7 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.44 [11.18] |
21.25 [53.98] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
19.0 |
HMX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.55 [13.97] |
29.18 [74.12] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.56 [14.22] |
29.23 [74.24] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
22.7 |
HMX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.59 [14.99] |
29.42 [74.73] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
"Good Hole" Charge |
25.0 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.57 [14.48] |
29.81 [75.72] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Big Hole Charge |
22.7 |
RDX |
3-3/8 [86] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.70 [17.78] |
6.18 [15.70] |
API RP-43 |
|||
|
Big Hole Charge |
22.7 |
RDX |
3-1/8 [79] |
6 [20] | 60° |
4-1/2 [114] |
0.68 [17] |
7.10 [18.03] |
API RP 19B |
|||
|
API results listed above are based on tests of conventional shaped charges |
|||||||||||
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